Jenis-Jenis Teks Dalam Bhs Inggris

1.    PROCEDURE

Social function :

To help us do a task or make something. They can be a set of instructions or directions.

Text organization:

1. Goals ( the final purpose of doing the instruction)
2. Materials ( ingredients, utensils, equipment to do the instructions)
3. Steps ( a set of instruction to achieve the final purpose)

Language features :

Use of imperative ( Cut…….., Don’t mix……..)

Use of action verbs (turn, put)

Use of connectives(first, then, finally)

Example :

                            First of all,mix garlic, red onion, salt, and white pepper in a mortar or mixer.
Second step, mix the spice-mixture with the eggs, the tapioca-flour and the minced meat.
After that, use your fingers, add a cup of water, and keep on working until the mixture feels soft and smooth.

2.    RECOUNT

Social function :

To tell the readers what happened in the past through a sequence of events.

Generic Structure :

Orientation ( who were involved, when and where was it happened)

Events ( tell what happened in a chronological order)

Re-orientation ( optional – closure of events)

Language features :

Use of pronouns and nouns ( David, he, she)

Use of action verbs in past (went, studied)

Use of past tense ( We went for a trip to the zoo)

Use of adverbial phrases

Use of adjectives

Example :

                        There were so many places to see in Bali that my friend decided to join the tours to see as much as possible. My friend stayed in Kuta on arrival. He spent the first three days swimming and surfing on Kuta beach. He visited some tour agents and selected two tours. The first one was to Singaraja, the second was to Ubud.

3.    NARRATIVE

Social function :

To amuse or entertain the readers with actual or imaginary experience in different ways.

Generic Structure :

Orientation ( who was involved, when and where was it happened)

Complication ( a problem arises and followed by other problems)

Resolution ( provide solution to the problem)

Language features :

Use of noun phrases ( a beautiful princess, a huge temple)

Use of adverbial phrases of time and place ( in the garden, two days ago)

Use of simple past tense ( He walked away from the village)

Use of action verbs ( walked, slept)

Use of adjectives phrases ( long black hair)

Example :

                        Once upon time, there was a handsome man. His name was Batara Guru Sahala. He liked fishing. One day, he caught a fish. He was surprised to find out that the fish could talk. The fish begged him to set it free.

4.    DESCRIPTIF

Social Function :

 To describe a particular person, place or thing.

Generic Structure :

Identification (identify phenomenon to be described)

Description (describe parts, qualities, characteristics)

Language features :

Focus on specific participants

Use of attributive and identifying processes

Frequent use classifiers in nominal groups.

Use of the Simple Present Tense

Example :

                        It is located 110 kilometres south of Brisbane and is reached by following the Pacific Highway to Nerang and then by travelling through the Numinbah Valley. This scenic roadway lies in the shadow of the Lamington National Park.

5.    NEWS ITEM

Social function :

To inform readers or listeners about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important.

Generic structure :

News worthy event ( tells the event in a summary form)

Background events ( elaborate what happened, tell what caused the incident)

Sources ( comments by participants, witnesses, authorities and experts involved in the event)

Language features :

Information on the use of head lines.

Use of action verbs( hit, attack)

Use of saying verbs( said, added, claimed)

Use of passive sentences ( Aceh was hit by Tsunami in 2004)

Use of adverbs in passive sentences (The victims were badly injured)

Example :

                   Malaysian Women Suggested to Carry Condoms
Malaysian Deputy Health Ministry urged every woman to carry a condom to protect against HIV, a news report said.

6.    REPORT

Social function :

 To describe the way things are (for example: a man -made thing, animals, plants). The things must be a representative of their class.

Text organization report :

General classification (introduces the topic of the report/tells what phenomenon under discussion is.)

Description (tell the details of topic such as physical appearance, parts, qualities, habits/behaviour).

Language features :

Use of general nouns ( Whales, Kangaroo, Computer)

Use of present tense(Komodo dragons usually weigh more than 160 kg)

Use of behavioural verbs (Snakes often sunbathe in the sun)

Example :

                        Human body is actually a living machine and is like all other machines. This living machine needs fuel to supply it with energy. The fuel is provided by the food which we eat. However do we know how much we need to stay healthy?

7.    ANALYTICAL EXPOSITION

Social function :

 To persuade the readers or the listeners that something in the case, to analyze or to explain.

Generic Structure :

Thesis (usually includes a preview argument. It introduces topics and indicates the writer’s position)

Arguments (consists of a point and elaboration sequence. The number of points may vary, but each must be supported by discussion and evidence)

Reiteration (restates the position more forcefully in the light of the arguments presented)

Language features :

Emotive words such as : alarmed, worried.

Words that qualify statements such as: usual probably

Words that link arguments such as: firstly, however, on the other hand, therefore.

Usually present tense

Compound and complex sentences

Example :

                         Everybody must pay attention of drugs. Drugs are very dangerous for us. Why it is very dangerous for us? Because its can caused harm to our body

8.    SPOOF

Social function :

 To tell an event with a humorous twist.

Generic structure :

Orientation (who were involved, when and where was happened)

Events ( tell what happened in a chronological order)
Twist (provide the funniest part of the story)

Language features :

Use of connectives (first, then, finally)

Use of adverbial phrases of time and place (in the garden, two days ago)

Use of simple past tense (he walked away from the village)

Example :

                        A blonde and a lawyer are seated next to each other on a flight from LA to NY. The lawyer asks if she would like to play a fun game.The blonde, tired, just wants to take a nap, politely declines and rolls over to the window to catch a few winks.

9.    HORTATORY EXPOSITION

Social function :

To persuade the readers or the listeners that something should or should not be the case.

Generic structure :

Thesis ( stating an issue of concern)

Arguments ( giving reasons for concern, leading recommendation)

Recommendation (stating what ought or ought not to happen)

Language features :

Emotive words: alarmed, worried

Words that qualify statements: usual probably

Words that link arguments: firstly, however, on the other hand, therefore

Usually present tense

Compound and complex sentences

Modal auxiliary: can, may, should, must

Example :

                        Do you know what the meaning of corruption is? What is the relation between money and corruption? Well, corruption is common everywhere in the world, even in the United States. It’s just a matter of intensity. However, it is quite shocking when one reliable survey claims Jakarta as the most corrupt place in Indonesia.

10.  EXPLANATION

Social function :

To explain the process involved in the formation or working of natural or socio cultural phenomena

Generic structure :

A general statement to position the reader

A sequenced explanation of why or how something occurs

Closing

Language features :

Focus on generic, non-human participants.Use mainly of general and abstract nouns, action verbs, simple present tense, passive voice, conjunction of time and cause, noun phrases, complex sentences, and technical language.

Example :

                        Rainbow is one of  optic phenomena that happens in the atmosphere of the earth naturally. We can see it at mountin range, or  when it is cloudy, or  when it is raining and rising of sun. We have to be the other side for looking. 

           

11. DISCUSSION

Social function :

 To present information and opinions about more than one side of an issue

Generic structure :

Opening statement presenting the issue

Arguments or evidence for different points of view ( pros and cons)

Concluding recommendation

Language features :

Use of general nouns: alcohol, abortion, smoking, etc.

Use of relating verbs: is, are, etc.

Use of thinking verbs: think, feel, hope believe, etc.

Use of additive connectives: addition, furthermore, besides, etc.

Use of contrastive connectives: although, even, if, nevertheless, etc.

Use of causal connectives: because, because of, etc.

Use of modal auxiliary: must, should, etc.

Use of adverbial manner: hopefully.

Example :

                        The Advantage and Disadvantage of Nuclear Power Nuclear power is generated by using uranium which is a metal mined in various part of the world. The first large scale of nuclear power station was opened at Calder Hall in Cumbria, England in 1956.

Some military ships and submarines have nuclear power plant for engine. Nuclear power produces around 11% of the world’s energy needed, and produces huge amounts of energy. It cause no pollution as we would get when burning fossil fuels.

12. REVIEW

Social function :

To critique an art work or event for a public audience

Generic structure :

Orientation ( background information on the text)

Evaluation ( concluding statement : judgment, opinion, or recommendation. It can consist of more than one.

Interpretative Recount ( summary of an art works including characters and plot).

Evaluative summation: the last opinion consisting the appraisal or the punch line of the art works being criticized.

Language features :

Focus on specific participants

Use of adjectives

Use of long and complex clauses

Use of metaphor

Reviews are used to summarize, analyze and respond to art works. They may include: movie, TV shows, books, plays, concerts, etc.

Example :

                        Twilight is the story of Edward and Bella’s romance.  Forget any vampire romance you have read before, Twilight is so unique it is almost like it’s in its own genre.  The book is marketed at Young Adult readers but it has the ability to cross age barriers and will satisfy both teenagers and adults alike.